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Contour Plot

A Contour Plot is a two-dimensional graph of three measurement variables: two inputs (x1 and x2) and one response (y), where contour lines connect points on the x1 and x2 plane that have the same value for y. In other words, it is a graphical technique for...

Confounding

Confounding is a crucial concept in research. It describes a situation where a third variable influences both the independent and dependent variables. This creates a spurious association. It makes it seem like the independent variable is causing the dependent...

Confidence Interval

In statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is a type of estimate computed from the statistics of the observed data. It is a range describing where the true population parameter lies with a certain degree of confidence. For example, a 95%...

Coefficient of Determination

In statistics, the coefficient of determination, denoted R2 or r2 and pronounced “R squared”, is the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s). It is...

Chi-Square Test

A chi-squared test, also written as χ2 test, is a statistical hypothesis test that is valid to perform when the test statistic is chi-squared distributed under the null hypothesis, specifically Pearson’s chi-squared test and variants thereof. Pearson’s...
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