Glossary Terms Archive

Balanced Scorecard: Definition, Four Perspectives, and How It Connects to Six Sigma

The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a strategic management framework that measures organizational performance across four perspectives instead of relying on financial results alone. Robert Kaplan and David Norton introduced it in a 1992 Harvard Business Review article...

Malcomb Baldridge

When American businesses struggled with declining competitiveness in the 1980s, one visionary leader stepped forward to champion excellence. Howard Malcolm “Mac” Baldrige Jr. served as the United States Secretary of Commerce from 1981 until his tragic...

Bar Chart

Bar charts stand as one of the most fundamental and versatile tools in data visualization. Whether you’re analyzing business metrics, presenting research findings, or tracking performance indicators, bar charts provide clear, immediate insights that audiences...

Box-Cox Transformation: Formula, Lambda, and How Six Sigma Teams Use It

The Box-Cox transformation is a statistical method that converts non-normal data into a shape that closely resembles a normal distribution. Statisticians George Box and David Cox introduced it in a 1964 paper. Many statistical tools, including hypothesis tests and...

Bimodal Distribution: Definition, Causes, and What It Means for Six Sigma

A bimodal distribution is a probability distribution with two distinct peaks, separated by a valley. Each peak is called a mode — the value or range where data points concentrate most densely. When a histogram of process data shows two peaks, it is almost always...